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新國大侯毅最新Nature! 創下超過1 cm²世界紀錄!

發表時間:2025/8/28 11:39:22

研究背景與挑戰

鈣鈦礦-有機串迭太陽能電池(POTSCs)憑借其能帶可調性優勢,理論上具備突破單接面電池Shockley-Queisser極限的潛力。相較于其他串迭技術,POTSCs具有優勢:鈣鈦礦層的紫外濾光特性提升操作穩定性,全薄膜結構支持高產量卷對卷制程,且可于常規環境下在柔性基板上加工,特別適用于建筑整合、車輛整合及可攜式電子產品等應用。

然而,POTSCs發展面臨關鍵技術瓶頸:目前已認證效率(24.7%)仍低于全鈣鈦礦串迭電池(28.2%)及鈣鈦礦-CIGS串迭電池(24.2%。造成此效率落差的核心問題在于窄能隙有機底電池的近紅外光電流不足,主要原因包括:

  1. 適用材料匱乏:目前缺乏高效率窄能隙非富勒烯受體(NFAs)。現有Y6受體的光學能隙(~1.33      eV)對串迭構型的理想能隙(~1.00 eV)而言仍屬次優化。

  2. 能階匹配難題:傳統降低NFA能隙的策略(如延長共軛長度、強化分子內電荷轉移)往往導致HOMO能階過度提升,造成與聚合物施體間的能階失配,進而影響激子解離效率并限制開路電壓與填充因子表現。


研究團隊與核心成果

研究由新加坡國立大學化學與生物分子工程學系暨新加坡太陽能研究所的侯毅(Yi Hou)教授領導,研究成果發表于頂尖期刊《Nature》。

研究團隊針對POTSCs的核心效率瓶頸,提出兩項關鍵創新策略:

策略一:提升窄能隙有機底電池性能 團隊設計合成新型不對稱非富勒烯受體P2EH-1V,采用單側共軛π橋策略將光學能隙降至1.27 eV,同時維持理想的激子解離與奈米形貌。透過飛秒瞬態吸收光譜證實PM6P2EH-1V的高效空穴轉移,并利用電致發光量子效率測量顯示非輻射電壓損失從0.26 eV顯著降低至0.20 eV

策略二:優化寬能隙鈣鈦礦上電池界面 開發新型自組裝單分子層Br-Ph-4PACz,透過溴苯基取代基有效調控功函與HOMO能階,改善與鈣鈦礦的能帶對齊并減少界面復合損失。利用紫外光電子能譜、開爾文探針力顯微鏡評估能級對齊,并透過穩態光致發光、準費米能階分裂測量證實非輻射復合減少與內在電壓提升。

突破性成果:結合上述創新策略,POTSCs效率達到26.7%,經上海微系統與信息技術研究所獨立認證為26.4%,創下超過1 cm2面積器件的世界紀錄

圖片2.png

Fig. 4g


實驗步驟與器件制備


圖片3.png

Fig.4a


這項研究主要透過兩大核心策略,設計并制備出高性能的太陽能電池關鍵組件,最終集成出創紀錄的鈣鈦礦-有機串迭太陽能電池。以下為其主要的實驗步驟與過程:

研究核心策略:該研究主要圍繞兩大核心瓶頸展開實驗:一是提升窄能隙有機底電池的光電流,二是解決寬能隙鈣鈦礦上電池的電壓與填充因子損失問題。

窄能隙有機底電池的創新材料與制備

寬能隙鈣鈦礦上電池的界面優化與制備

高效能鈣鈦礦-有機串迭太陽能電池的集成


表征方法與結果

準費米能階分裂(Quasi-Fermi Level Splitting, QFLS)

評估SAM與鈣鈦礦界面的電壓損失與非輻射復合抑制效果,QFLS提升直接反映器件VOC改善潛力。

透過強度依賴性開路電壓測量獲得的QFLS分析顯示,Br-Ph-4PACz處理的鈣鈦礦薄膜展現顯著的界面優化效果。Br-Ph-4PACz/鈣鈦礦堆棧的擬開路電壓(iVoc)達到1.38 V,明顯高于Me-4PACz/鈣鈦礦堆棧的1.34 V,改善幅度達40 mV。此結果證實Br-Ph-4PACz透過溴苯基取代基的功函調控作用,有效減少SAM與鈣鈦礦界面的能階失配,降低界面復合損失,為器件VOC提升提供直接驅動力。

圖片4.png

3d展示單結寬能隙鈣鈦礦太陽能電池在兩種SAM處理下的VOC損失分析比較。Br-Ph-4PACz樣品顯示更高的QFLS值和更低的界面電壓損失,直觀呈現溴苯基官能化SAM在界面工程優化方面的顯著優勢。


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電流-電壓(J-V)曲線測量

評估單結與串迭器件的光電轉換性能,直接反映材料創新與器件工程優化的綜合效果。

在氮氣填充手套箱中模擬1sun AM 1.5G光照(100 mW cm-2)下測量不同面積器件(0.050 cm21.019 cm2)性能。

l   PM6:P2EH-1V有機太陽能電池實現17.9% PCE突破,展現0.82 V開路電壓、28.60 mA cm-2高短路電流密度及76.5%填充因子。

l   Br-Ph-4PACz鈣鈦礦太陽能電池達成20.4% PCE,具備1.37 V超高開路電壓與85.5%優異填充因子。

l   鈣鈦礦-有機串迭太陽能電池實現創紀錄26.7% PCE(VOC: 2.14 V, JSC: 15.15 mA cm-2, FF: 82.4%),大面積器件(1.019 cm2)同樣維持26.7% PCE

上海微系統與信息技術研究所獨立認證結果為26.4% PCE,正反掃描一致且無明顯遲滯現象,已認證厘米級單結鈣鈦礦、鈣鈦礦-CIGS及鈣鈦礦-有機串迭電池的PCE紀錄

圖片5.png

4b展示單結有機電池、鈣鈦礦電池與串迭電池的J-V曲線組合,清晰對比三種器件的光電參數,直觀呈現串迭架構在電壓加成與電流匹配優化方面的顯著優勢。

圖片6.png

4e展示經SIMIT認證的1 cm2串迭電池J-V曲線,正反掃描PCE均為26.4%,證實器件在實際應用中的性能與穩定性。

外部量子效率(External Quantum Efficiency, EQE)測量

評估各子電池的光譜響應與電流匹配程度,驗證串迭電池中上下子電池的協同效應與電流平衡。

PM6:P2EH-1V有機底電池P2EH-1V材料的紅移吸收特性,EQE積分電流密度達到27.86 mA cm-2,與J-V測試結果高度吻合(誤差<3%)鈣鈦礦-有機串迭電池中,鈣鈦礦上電池與有機底電池的EQE積分JSC分別為15.20 mA cm-215.14 mA cm-2。表明兩個子電池之間的電流密度達到了良好匹配,是實現高效率串迭電池的關鍵。

圖片7.png

4d鈣鈦礦-有機串迭電池中鈣鈦礦和有機子電池的 EQE 曲線和積分 Jsc,顯示了串迭電池中兩個子電池的 EQE 曲線,清楚地展示了它們對不同波長光的吸收貢獻,以及積分后電流密度達到平衡

電致發光量子效率(Electroluminescence Quantum Efficiency, EQEEL)測量

評估有機太陽能電池的非輻射能量損失與復合機制,使用Enlitech ELCT-3010(REPS)系統向器件施加外部電壓/電流源進行測量。

圖片8.png

P2EH-1V創新受體材料展現非輻射復合抑制效果,與P2EH基準器件相比,P2EH-1V器件的總能量損失減少0.05 eV,主要源于非輻射能量損失的顯著降低,從0.26 eV大幅改善至0.20 eV。此結果證實P2EH-1V透過優化的分子結構設計,有效減少缺陷態密度與非輻射復合路徑。

圖片9.png

2f展示PM6:P2EHPM6:P2EH-1VPM6:P2EH-2V有機太陽能電池的能量損失分析總結,清楚對比不同受體材料的非輻射能量損失(ΔEnon-rad)分布,直觀呈現P2EH-1V在抑制非輻射復合方面的顯著優勢。

敏感型EQE/傅立葉變換光電流光譜儀(Sensitive EQE/FTPS)

評估有機太陽能電池的詳細能量損失機制,使用Enlitech PECT-600(FTPS)系統記錄敏感型EQE,結合電致發光(EL)曲線進行Gaussian擬合分析。

圖片10.png

FTPS-EQEEL曲線的精密擬合結果再次確認P2EH-1V器件在非輻射能量損失抑制方面的表現。曲線對齊程度直接反映器件的輻射與非輻射復合過程平衡,P2EH-1V材料透過優化的電子結構設計,實現輻射復合增強與非輻射損失減少的雙重效果。

圖片11.png

2h展示PM6:P2EH-1V混料器件的FTPS-EQE與電致發光曲線Gaussian擬合對比,兩曲線的高度一致性與精確對齊直觀證實P2EH-1V在降低非輻射能量損失方面的有效性。

其他表征

紫外-可見光譜(UV-Vis):表征材料光吸收特性,評估能隙調控效果。P2EH-1V吸收明顯紅移約80 nm,光學能隙降至1.27 eV,擴展近紅外光吸收范圍。(1b)

圖片12.png

掠入射廣角X射線散射(GIWAXS):表征薄膜晶體行為與分子堆積取向,評估電荷傳輸路徑。所有NFA均呈現優先面朝向取向,PM6:P2EH-1V共混膜維持良好有序堆積。(1d)

圖片13.png

原子力顯微鏡(AFM):評估薄膜表面形態與粗糙度,反映薄膜質量。Br-Ph-4PACz鈣鈦礦薄膜表面更均勻,粗糙度降低至18.9 nm,優于Me-4PACz22.2 nm(FigS. 27)

圖片14.png

紫外光電子能譜(UPS):評估材料界面功函與能階對齊情況,優化界面電荷傳輸。Br-Ph-4PACz有更深功函與更有利的能帶對齊,減少界面能量損失。(3b)

圖片15.png

開爾文探針力顯微鏡(KPFM):量化SAM功函調控效果,驗證界面工程優化。KPFM圖像證實Br-Ph-4PACz能更有效調節ITO基板功函分布。(FigS. 18)

圖片16.png

光致發光光譜(PL)及共焦PL映射:評估非輻射復合損失與薄膜均勻性,反映缺陷鈍化效果。Br-Ph-4PACz鈣鈦礦薄膜PL強度提升五倍,PLQY0.41%顯著增至1.82%(3c)

圖片17.png

瞬態吸收光譜(TA):評估電荷動力學與空穴轉移過程,驗證激子解離效率。575 nm處施體GSB動力學證實P2EH-1VPM6的高效空穴轉移。(2d)

圖片18.png

電荷解離機率(Pdiss)分析:評估光生激子電荷產生效率,量化激子解離能力。PM6:P2EH-1V器件Pdiss96.1%,展現電荷產生機率。(2e)

圖片19.png

阻抗頻譜(Impedance):研究器件電荷復合電阻,評估載流子傳輸特性。Nyquist圖顯示P2EH-1V器件具有更高復合電阻,電荷復合損失較低。(FigS. 14)

圖片20.png

瞬態光電流(TPC)測量:測量電荷載流子提取壽命,評估電荷收集效率。Br-Ph-4PACz器件光電流衰減壽命縮短至0.73 μs,載流子提取效率提升。(3f)

圖片21.png

接觸角測量:研究SAM潤濕特性,評估薄膜覆蓋均勻性。Br-Ph-4PACz基底接觸角降至10.4°,改善鈣鈦礦前驅體潤濕性與薄膜覆蓋。(FigS. 22)

圖片22.png

長期最大功率點(MPP)穩定性評估:評估器件長期操作穩定性,驗證實用化潛力。封裝串迭電池783小時后保持80%效率,Br-Ph-4PACz器件T80延長至550小時。(4h)

圖片23.png

截面掃描電子顯微鏡(SEM):可視化串迭器件結構與各層厚度,驗證制備精確性。清晰展示優化后鈣鈦礦(~290 nm)與有機(~110 nm)吸收層及多層互連結構。(4a)

圖片24.png

結論

研究團隊在鈣鈦礦-有機串迭太陽能電池領域實現突破性進展,透過雙重創新策略成功達成創紀錄效率與穩定性。

核心技術突破

創新材料設計:開發新型不對稱非富勒烯受體P2EH-1V,透過單向乙烯雙鍵π橋策略將光學能隙降至1.27 eV,吸收光譜紅移約80 nm,實現高達28.60 mA cm-2的短路電流密度。有機底電池效率達17.9%,非輻射復合損失從0.26 eV降至0.20 eV,電荷解離機率高達96.1%

界面工程優化:設計自組裝單分子層Br-Ph-4PACz,透過溴苯取代基調控功函與能帶對齊,使鈣鈦礦薄膜PL強度提升五倍,PLQY0.41%顯著增至1.82%。寬能隙鈣鈦礦上電池效率達20.4%,具備1.37 V高開路電壓與85.5%填充因子。

性能表現

創紀錄效率:鈣鈦礦-有機串迭太陽能電池實現26.7% PCE,經上海微系統與信息技術研究所獨立認證為26.4%超越了目前已報導的所有公分級單結鈣鈦礦、鈣鈦礦-鈣鈦礦串迭及鈣鈦礦-CIGS串迭電池紀錄。對于 1 公分平方的有效面積器件,其穩定功率轉換效率 (PCE) 可達到 26.5%

優異穩定性:封裝串迭電池在環境條件下(25°C, 85%相對濕度)783小時MPP追蹤后保持80%初始效率,顯著優于單結有機電池(T80180小時)Br-Ph-4PACz器件T80延長至550小時,證實鈣鈦礦層紫外濾光效應對長期穩定性的積極作用。



文獻參考自Nature_DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09181-x

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